某中学肺结核疫情中病例接触人群PPD试验结果

  目的  探索结核菌素试验(PPD试验)在学校结核病疫情处置中对于界定密切接触者筛查范围的作用,为学校肺结核防治工作提供参考依据。  方法  回顾性分析比较2019年8月广东省某中学发生肺结核疫情的高二年级与同期该校高一入学新生体检PPD试验结果,共1 553名学生,并评估高二年级学生PPD试验流行病学分布与肺结核病例分布之间的潜在关联。  结果  高二年级结核病疫情共确诊学生患者29例,其中7例病原学阳性,且菌株MIRU-VNTR基因分型相同。高一年级学生人群中PPD强阳性率为0.1%,PPD阳性率为34.3%;高二年级学生人群PPD强阳性率、阳性率分别为5.9%,52.0%,高二年级均高于高一年级,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为45.71,49.90,P值均＜0.01)。在教学楼分布方面,疫情发源、病例集中的教学楼一层学生PPD强阳性率为19.4%,远高于教学楼其他楼层,PPD强阳性率逐楼层持续降低,差异有统计学意义(χ2=89.81,P＜0.01);各楼层的PPD强阳人数与学生病例数量呈正相关(r=0.99,P＜0.01)。在宿舍楼层分布方面,病例所在的宿舍楼层学生人群PPD强阳性率、阳性率明显大于无病例的楼层,差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为49.4,64.9,P值均 < 0.01);各宿舍楼层PPD强阳人数、阳性人数与各层肺结核病例数之间呈正相关(r值分别为0.84,0.56,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  PPD强阳性率可以良好地反映学校肺结核密切接触人群结核杆菌感染和疫情扩散的情况,建议作为考量扩大密切接触者筛查范围的因素之一。     

High Prevelance of Rifampin-Monoresistant Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Analysis among Iranian Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

We determined the prevalence of rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis (RMR-TB) in Iran. Because development of RMR-TB is not common, we also identified the major risk factors associated with RMR-TB reported from different provinces of Iran. Data for 3,020 TB patients who remained or became smear positive after two, four, six, and nine months of standard first-line chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Of 3,020 patients, 1,242 patients (41.1%) were culture and DNA positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of these patients, 73 (7.4%) patients had monoresistant isolates to rifampin, which was significantly higher than that for multidrug-resistant TB (5.8%). The average rate of RMR-TB in the studied population ranged from 5% to 10%. Classical investigation showed that 33.6% of patients had either a previous or family history of TB. Molecular epidemiology methods (i.e., spoligotyping and Mycobacterium intespersed repetitive unit–variable number tandem repeat), defined transmission link in three clusters (13%). These results outline the urgent need for a comprehensive plan for detection and treatment of RMR-TB cases.     

Role of medical thoracoscopy in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion

Background

Fibrous tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) represents common disease in tuberculous clinic. Medical thoracoscopy has been used to treat pleural empyema and shown promising outcomes, but data of its use in multiloculated and organized TPE remains limited to know.

Methods

The study was performed on 430 cases with TPE. The cases were divided into free-flowing, multiloculated effusion and organized effusion group. Each group was subdivided into two or three types of therapeutic approaches: ultrasound guided pigtail catheter, large-bore tube chest drainage and medical thoracoscopy. Patients with multiloculated or organized effusions received streptokinase, introduced into the pleural cavity via chest tubes. The successful effectiveness of the study was defined as duration of chest drainage, time from treatment to discharge days and no further managements.

Results

Patients with organized effusion were older than those with free-flowing effusion and incidence of organized effusion combined with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was higher than those of multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion respectively. Positive tuberculosis of pleural fluid culture was higher in organized effusion than that in free-flowing effusion. Sputum positive for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) in organized effusion was higher than that in multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion. Medical thoracoscopy showed significant efficacy in the group of multiloculated effusion and organized effusion but free-flowing effusion. No chronic morbidity and mortality related to complications was observed.

Conclusions

Medical thoracoscopy was a safe and successful method in treating multiloculated and organized TPE.